What is a Resistor and What is its Circuit Symbol?
A resistor is an electrical component that restricts the flow of electrical current in a circuit. The analogy often used to explain its operation is to consider current as water flowing in a hosepipe; a resistor can be considered as a constriction in the pipe that limits the flow of water.
Most people will be familiar with Ohm’s law: V=IR. V is the voltage across a resistor, I is the current flowing in the resistor, and R is the resistance. This is the equation that connects current, voltage and resistance and is the basis of working with resistors (and other passive components).
At a microscopic level, resistors are made from a variety of materials that are conductors, but not perfect ones, so the ability for electrons to flow is impeded by the atomic structure of the materials chosen. By varying the conductor’s characteristics such as the material’s conductivity, the surface area and the lengths of the material used, it is possible to control the resistance to the desired accuracy. Resistance is measured in Ohms, and the symbol for the unit is Ω.
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Standard for Resistance Value
The resistors we choose in circuit design follow certain standards, mainly for the convenience of production and design. We cannot randomly select a resistor, such as 5.28 Ω.
It's not that we can't produce it, but doing so will lead to scattered market demand and a tendency towards customization, making it impossible to manufacture and supply in large quantities.
Therefore, the international IEC has established a standard for resistance values and tolerances.
Pay attention to the following three points
Different precision resistors correspond to different precision series. The E12 series typically has a 10% accuracy, the E24 series has 2% and 5% accuracy, the E96 series has 1% accuracy, and the E192 series has 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% accuracy.
The numbers in the series name represent how many standard resistance values the series has, usually multiples of 6. For example, the E12 series has 12 different resistance values, and the E192 series has 192 different resistance values.
The resistance values of each series are approximately a proportional sequence, with a common ratio to the power of 10 and a cardinality of 10 Ω. For example, the common ratio of E12 series is 10 to the power of 12, while the common ratio of E96 series is 10 to the power of 96.
Those interested can count according to the above table to determine if the above pattern is true.
Resistance marking
The most commonly selected resistors in our design are surface mount resistors with precision of 5% and 1%. Generally, resistors with 0603 and above will have corresponding resistance values marked in their packaging. We can first understand the significance of these markings.
E24 series (5% accuracy)
For resistance values greater than 10 Ω, a 3-digit number is usually used to represent the resistance value. The first two represent the base of the resistance value, and the last digit represents the power of multiplying by 10.
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For example, marking 100 represents 10 Ω instead of 100 Ω, and 472 represents 4.7k Ω. Less than 10 Ω is usually represented by R as the decimal point, for example, 2R0 represents 2 Ω.
E96 series (1% accuracy)
The E96 series is usually represented by two digits followed by a letter. The two digits represent the resistance value of the E96 series, and the letter represents the power of multiplying by 10, where Y represents -1, X represents 0, A represents 1, B represents 2, C represents 3, and so on.
We need to mention marking the resistance meter here. I took a screenshot for distance measurement:
For example, 47C, counting from the table to 47 resistance values, is 30.1. C represents multiplying by 10 to the power of 3, which is 30.1k Ω.
The above is the way to identify the resistance value of surface mount resistors. For resistors packaged with axial leads, also known as direct insertion resistors, they use the color ring on the resistor to identify the resistance value. Therefore, we also call them color ring resistors. At present, except for some high-power areas that require the use of color ring resistors, with the continuous increase of circuit density, color ring resistors are rarely seen on the market.
Selection of Resistors
Selection, in simple terms, refers to extracting key parameters based on the device specifications and determining whether they meet the requirements of the application.
Firstly, we need to choose the type of resistor based on the application scenario. For common consumer miniaturized products, we will definitely focus on thick film resistors and metal film resistors, which are mainly chip resistors.
If our resistors are used for current sensing, remember to choose alloy resistors and select the power based on the maximum current and continuous current. Currently, this type of alloy resistor can achieve a level of 5W.
Secondly, the selection of all resistors requires calculating the power of the resistor based on the current, in order to lock the package, and there must be a derating design.
Packaging is not only determined by power, but many scenarios are also related to our product. For example, if our product needs maintenance, we should choose resistors with larger packaging.
Finally, don't forget the withstand voltage of the resistor. Don't think that the resistor doesn't have a withstand voltage. If the circuit involves a voltage of 220V or even higher, you can't just connect a 1MR 0402 resistor in series in the middle of the high voltage and think it's okay. Be sure to pay attention to the withstand voltage of the small package resistor.
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